    This implements the spiking Hodgkin-Huxley type models of tonic and
    phasic second-order vestibular neurons from:

    Rössert C, Straka H, Moore LE, Glasauer S (2011) Cellular and network
    contributions to vestibular signal processing: impact of ion
    conductances, synaptic inhibition and noise. J Neurosci 31:8359-8372

    Abstract:

    Head motion-related sensory signals are transformed by second-order
    vestibular neurons (2°VNs) into appropriate commands for retinal image
    stabilization during body motion. In frogs, these 2°VNs form two
    distinct subpopulations that have either tonic or highly phasic
    intrinsic properties, essentially compatible with low-pass and
    bandpass filter characteristics, respectively. In the present study,
    physiological data on cellular properties of 2°VNs of the grass frog
    (Rana temporaria) have been used to construct conductance-based
    spiking cellular models that were fine-tuned by fitting to recorded
    spike-frequency data. The results of this approach suggest that
    low-threshold, voltage-dependent potassium channels in phasic and
    spike-dependent potassium channels in tonic 2°VNs are important
    contributors to the differential, yet complementary response
    characteristics of the two vestibular subtypes. Extension of the
    cellular model with conductance-based synapses allowed simulation of
    afferent excitation and evaluation of the emerging properties of local
    feedforward inhibitory circuits. This approach revealed the relative
    contributions of intrinsic and synaptic factors on afferent signal
    processing in phasic 2°VNs. Additional extension of the single-cell
    model to a population model allowed testing under more natural
    conditions including asynchronous afferent labyrinthine input and
    synaptic noise. This latter approach indicated that the feedforward
    inhibition from the local inhibitory network acts as a high-pass
    filter, which reinforces the impact of the intrinsic membrane
    properties of phasic 2°VNs on peak response amplitude and
    timing. Thus, the combination of cellular and network properties
    enables phasic 2°VNs to work as a noise-resistant detector, suitable
    for central processing of short-duration vestibular signals.

    All stimulation can be started via mosinit.hoc. Model generates traces
    similar the following subfigures:

    intracellular step current stimulation: Fig. 2C (tonic), Fig. 5B2
    (phasic) frequency current (ZAP): Fig. 3A2 (tonic) (shown below as an
    example, generated by clicking "Tonic model T1 ZAP":

    Fig. 5D2 (phasic) synaptic stimulation: Fig. 6A4, 6B4, 6C4

    All models were implemented by Christian Rössert
    (christian.a at roessert.de)